Therapeutic Potential of Bioconjugated Niosomes: Sonchus maritimus Extract Protects Against High-Fructose Diet-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Abstract

This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of Sonchus maritimus extract-loaded niosomes (SmE-N) against high-fructose diet (HFD)-induced genito-urinary dysfunction in rats. The stability of SmE-N formulations was assessed through standard physicochemical protocols, while morphological features were characterized using scanning and optical microscopy. Male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6 each): Control, HFD, HFD+SmE-N, and HFD+metformin. Biochemical, histological, and oxidative stress markers were analyzed in kidney tissues. In vitro characterization revealed that SmE-N were stable, spherical vesicles with an average size of ~200 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 61.4%, maintaining excellent stability for up to 60 days. In vivo, HFD significantly elevated urea and uric acid levels. Oxidative stress was evident through increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased levels of glutathione (GSH), total thiols, and antioxidant enzymes (GPx, SOD) in renal homogenates compared to controls. Histological examination confirmed tissue alterations in kidneys. Treatment with SmE-N or metformin markedly improved biochemical, oxidative, and histopathological parameters relative to the HFD group. SmE-loaded niosomes bioconjugated with linoleic acid demonstrate strong nephron-protective effects and may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for managing HFD-induced metabolic complications